Apart from the aforementioned hazards affecting the reproductive health iamong the Egyptian population there appears to be other lrisk factor that may have its impact in this respect. The following is just some examples of physical and culturo-social factors that have been reviewed in the literature.

Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)
Prenatal exposure to EMF (electric blankets) among women with subfertility has been associated in one study with more than four folds increase in the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies (Li et al., 1995) Other studies have been conservative in this issue of adverse effect of EMF, including electrically heated beds, on pregnancy outcome on the need for further investigations. (Larsen et al., 1991 , Bracken et al., 1995 ) With the emergence of computers in our daily personal and professional life, and the increasing number of women specifically working in the executive field as secretaries and office managers, some concerns grew on the effects of EMF radiation emitted from Video Display Terminals (VDT) on pregnancy outcome. Controversies arising in this respect throughout the literature is immense. In a recent meta-analysis, there has been reassurance on the absence of any major risk of adverse pregnancy outcome as a result of exposure to VDT. (Parazzini et al., 1993) However, in a study on reproductive hazards among workers at high voltage substations, mothers appears to be an increased risk of congenital malformations when the father was a high voltage switchyard worker (Nordstrom et al., 1983) . Another study reported increased values than mean in seasonal exposure to EMF than non-users (Wertheimer and Leeper, 1989)
"Kabsa (mushahara) and threatened fertility in Egypt"
This title in the literature could not have passed without being noticed. In this paper it is mentioned that among urban and rural poor of Egypt, female infertility is often attributed to kabsa( often known as mushahara), a form of 'boundary-crossing' by symbolically polluted individuals into the rooms of reproductively vulnerable women. It has been concluded that Egyptians perceive Kabsa and other forms of reproductive hindrance - including neocolonially inspired family planning campaigns - as dangers to the individual, social and political bodies (Inhorn MC, 1994).